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New York City, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's largest natural harbors, is the most populous city in the United States with an estimated 8,584,629 residents as of July 2025, distributed across five boroughs - Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, The Bronx, and Staten Island. The city serves as a global center of finance, commerce, culture, technology, entertainment, media, and international diplomacy, anchored by Wall Street and home to the New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq, the world's two largest stock exchanges by market capitalization. Originally established as the Dutch trading post Fort Amsterdam in 1624 and named New Amsterdam in 1626, the city came under English control in 1664, was renamed New York in honor of the Duke of York, and became the U.S. national capital from 1785 to 1790 before consolidating its five boroughs into the modern city in 1898. With a metropolitan economy of over $2.44 trillion as of 2024, New York is the most economically powerful city in the world and serves as the premier gateway for legal immigration, with an estimated 800 languages spoken and a foreign-born population of approximately 5.9 million as of 2023. The city is known for its fast pace, continuous urban energy, and dense urban footprint spanning 300.46 square miles of land, and by 2025 has become the world's most expensive city for expatriates while hosting more billionaires and ultra-high-net-worth individuals than any other city globally. The Bronx, coextensive with Bronx County, is the northernmost and only mainland borough of New York City, covering 42 square miles with a population of 1,472,654 as of the 2020 census. Bordered by Westchester County to the north and separated from Manhattan and Queens by the Harlem River and East River respectively, the Bronx was partially annexed to New York City in 1874 and 1895, with Bronx County established separately in 1914. Named after Jonas Bronck, a Swedish settler who established the first European settlement in 1639, the borough attracted waves of immigrants from Ireland, Germany, Italy, Eastern Europe, the Caribbean, and West Africa throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. The Bronx features major landmarks including Yankee Stadium, the Bronx Zoo, the New York Botanical Garden with its ancient Thain Family Forest, Pelham Bay Park, and Van Cortlandt Park, with approximately one-quarter of the borough designated as open space. After experiencing significant urban decline from the 1960s through the 1980s, the borough began experiencing population growth again in the late 1990s and continues to develop.